Nature themes can be found in the earliest human structures: Stylized animals characteristic of the Neolithic Göbekli Tepe; the Egyptian sphinx, or the acanthus leaves adorning Greek temples and their Vitruvian origin story; from the primitive hut to the delicate, leafy filigrees of Rococo design. Representations of animals and plants have long been used for decorative and symbolic ornamentation. Beyond representation, cultures around the world have long brought nature into homes and public spaces. Classic examples include the garden courtyards of the Alhambra in Spain, porcelain fish bowls in ancient China, the aviary in Teotihuacan (ancient Mexico City), bonsai in Japanese homes, papyrus ponds in the homes of Egyptian nobles, the cottage garden in medieval Germany, or the elusive hanging gardens of Babylon.
Humans have been decorating living spaces with representations of nature since time immemorial, and architects have long created spaces using elements inspired by trees, bones, wings and seashells. Many classic building ornaments are derived from natural forms, and countless fabric patterns are based on leaves, flowers, and animal skins. Contemporary architecture and design have introduced more organic building forms with softer edges or even biomimetic qualities.
animal and ornamental predator design rar
Other forms of sanitation that help prevent pest spread include using pest-free seeds or transplants and decontaminating equipment, animals, and other possible carriers before allowing them to enter a pest-free area or leave an infested area. The proper design of food-handling areas can reduce access and shelter for many pests.
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Secondly, farmed fish are kept in concentrations never seen in the wild (e.g. 50,000 fish in a 2-acre (8,100 m2) area.[48]). However, fish tend also to be animals that aggregate into large schools at high density. Most successful aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social problems at high density. Aquaculturists feel that operating a rearing system above its design capacity or above the social density limit of the fish will result in decreased growth rate and increased feed conversion ratio (kg dry feed/kg of fish produced), which results in increased cost and risk of health problems along with a decrease in profits. Stressing the animals is not desirable, but the concept of and measurement of stress must be viewed from the perspective of the animal using the scientific method.[49]
From 2011, a team from the University of Waterloo led by Tahbit Chowdhury and Gordon Graff examined vertical RAS aquaculture designs aimed at producing protein-rich fish species.[85][86] However, because of its high capital and operating costs, RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as broodstock maturation, larval rearing, fingerling production, research animal production, specific pathogen-free animal production, and caviar and ornamental fish production. As such, research and design work by Chowdhury and Graff remains difficult to implement. Although the use of RAS for other species is considered by many aquaculturalists to be currently impractical, some limited successful implementation of RAS has occurred with high-value product such as barramundi, sturgeon, and live tilapia in the US,[87][88][89][90][91] eels and catfish in the Netherlands, trout in Denmark[92] and salmon is planned in Scotland[93] and Canada.[94]
Stay wires are spaced 6 inches apart for small animals and 12 inches for large animals. The height of most woven wire fencing materials ranges from 26 to 48 inches. The height needed will depend on the size and jumping ability of the animals. Many combinations of wire sizes and spacing as well as a number of fence heights are available. Standard woven wire fence designs are shown in Figure 6.
If properly designed and constructed, high-tensile smooth wire fencing has many advantages. It is easier to handle, safer for livestock, easily adapted to specific needs, has longer life, requires little maintenance, causes minimum damage to livestock hides, has a neat appearance and gives better livestock restraint and predator control when electrified.
Permanent electric fences may also be built. These fences have from two to eight smooth wires placed on stronger posts. Instead of using the earth for a return path, many electric fences use alternate wires as the hot wire and the grounded return to the charger. This arrangement enables a completed circuit when an animal touches any two adjacent wires and improves the performance of the fence tremendously in drought conditions. Cost of permanent electric fence is much less than that of comparable barbed or woven wire fences. Some of the advantages of electric fencing are low initial cost, low operating cost, and portability. They can be used to protect or extend the use of old permanent fences and they can be used to protect livestock or poultry from many predators.
Visual bird deterrents, like predator decoys, activate a bird's sense of danger; birds have exceptional eyesight and are easily frightened. Decoys are life-sized models designed to realistically simulate the appearance of common predators. Decoys are inexpensive and simple to install and use, making them an ideal first-line solution for pest bird problems.
Peterson Box - this highly successful design was developed in Minnesota by Dick Peterson, and features a large, angled roof, angled sides, a small sloping floor, and a vertical, oblong hole instead of the traditional round one. The advantages of this design are a) the slanted floor keeps the nest drier, b) the large, angled roof makes it harder for predators to reach the nest, c) ease of nest checks via the front panel which swings down. The disadvantages of this box are a) it's a complicated design to build requiring better than average tools and woodworking skills, b) the box is heavier than most other designs and trickier to mount, c) the box is NOT completely starling proof, as they are sometimes able to squeeze into the oval opening. But, starlings don't prefer it as a nesting site and will usually go elsewhere.
It is really CRITICAL that when you put up bluebird boxes in your yard, that you protect the boxes from climbing predators (how to mount bluebird boxes will be discussed in the next section). Bluebirds are often the target of predators such as raccoons, squirrels, cats, snakes, and hawks. These animals are most often after the bluebird eggs and young. Raccoons are probably the biggest concern for most bluebird landlords, although cats and squirrels can be a concern in some cases. Snakes are not usually a problem in this part of the country. But, a good predator guard can solve the problem of snakes climbing the pole. Hawk attacks can not be prevented.
There are some types of predator guards which attach to the front of the bluebird box to make it harder for predators to reach into the nest box. Many of these are either not very effective or are not liked by bluebirds much. Basically, they take the form of PVC tunnels, or wire-cloth boxes which lengthen the distance from the inside of the box where the nest is, to where the predator is trying to reach from. But, unless the guard is very firmly secured to the front of the box, raccoons can often rip them off the box. Also, bluebirds will sometimes abandon the nest unless they have already laid eggs. The best design seems to be a 4-inch diameter PVC pipe section, 6 inches long that is capped on one end. The capped end will have a 1 1/2" hole drilled through it for the bluebirds to enter, and the other end will be secured to the box front.
One of the species I study, the Common Raven (Corvus corax), is a good example of a subsidized predator in the Mojave Desert. Ravens are strongly associated with human developments in the Mojave, and are known to attack juvenile desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), a threatened species. Ravens make use of several types of resources obtained from people: they consume anthropogenic foods at landfills, road-killed carrion on roads, drink irrigation runoff, and nest in artificial platforms and ornamental trees. Ravens that breed in close proximity to human-provided resources experience high reproductive rates and enhanced juvenile survival. 2ff7e9595c
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